The Quintessential Manual to Advice Essay Samples

The Quintessential Manual to Advice Essay Samples It's simple to go off on your very own personal rant instead of actually answer the question. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capability to spark the interests of your readers. We're confident our tips can help you master the art of essay writing and get positive emotions in the practice of this task fulfilling. Keep an eye out for chances to reveal your analysis and attention to detail abilities. Human's very first relationship is quite important. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. An essay outline can help you organize the general structure of your essay. To do that you will need to set your essay off to an excellent start. The essay offers you an opportunity to reveal how effectively it is possible to read and comprehend a passage and compose an essay analyzing the passage. This essay examines the explanations for why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers a number of the issues with this technique of assessment. Descriptive essay topics might be either easier or tougher. Be sure to follow along with the suitable format, consisting of the general sections of an essay. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. In order for this kind of essay to be productive, the researching of the topic has to be thorough and well balanced. Picking the very best advice is definitely hard because I feel all them are the very best advices for me. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. In here you'll observe examples on various subjects in some specific formatting styles and of distinct kinds of essays. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. This essay will appear at a few of the most crucial parts of advice a fantastic parent can have, which will hopefully result in a good' parenting. It is essential for the child to produce strong nutritious attachments with not only parents, but in addition with different individuals, like their grandparents or caregivers. Parents are important, for the reason that they are the major example for their child on the best way to interact with the world and the way they ought to lead their life. Being a first-time parent can be an extremely challenging and hard period in an individual's life. The Lost Secret of Advice Essay Samples There exists many thin gs that results in termination. Behavioral assessment is a procedure of measuring a persons behavior in line with the observable qualities of a person. For example, the behavior of an individual is largely affected by the place he is rather than he environmental ailments. According to this approach, it is determined by external environmental factors. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Your MBA essays are your very best opportunity to sell the individual behind the resume. Persuasive essays are intended to be convincing, this might be to buy a given product or maybe to earn a call to action. Firstly to grasp What a Literary Evaluation Essay means, it is a choice to determine and perceive the job of a writer, even if it's a single work or a whole physique of work. It is possible to also become different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Another reaso n it's the ideal advice, it encourages me. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Therefore it is critical that help is at hand. The Hidden Treasure of Advice Essay Samples Even though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it shouldn't be regarded as an afterthought. As the last paragraph is represents your final opportunity to create your case and, being such, should adhere to an extremely rigid format. The previous sentence provides the reply to the essay question. A couple of sentences can avoid confusion and create your essay much simpler to read. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to discover some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. Second, a superb writer is a person who makes things simple to understand for the readers. Finally, he keeps fo cus. Consequently, to be a great writer you need to be punctual and authentic.

Taking a Stand on Land Forestry Wildlife Management

From the age of 15 I have had a job and was always better at work than school. It wasn’t until recently that I began to look back and decided I needed a change so, I made the choice to start college. My love of fishing and the outdoors made the decision easy when it came to choosing my major, Land Forestry Wildlife Management. Although the decision came easy and I feel it is the right career for me, there are many issues, positive and negative, related to my field. Land Forestry Wildlife Management does a lot of good for people and animals but can also hurt. Prescribe burning, wildlife control and forest management are all big issues related to the field. Prescribed burning, also called controlled burns, has many different purposes. The American Indians set fires to stimulate the growth of plants and keep areas open to produce food (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). Prescribed fires help improve wildlife habitat and land quality. After the burns, the brush g rows back greener and lusher, providing nesting areas for animals such as deer. In addition, prescribed fires are a cheaper way to manage vegetation as they require no bulldozing, cutting, or chemicals (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources). Many argue that prescribed burning can be dangerous. To that I say with everything there is good and bad. You must weigh the pros and cons and decide which outweighs the other, for me that is the pros. Prescribed burning is a wonderful land managementShow MoreRelatedThe Joys Of Ffa1450 Words   |  6 Pagesrecourses based area due to what the competitions have taught me. Also it is my belief that it is important to provide FFA members with the opportunity to participate in various competitions that are provided through FFA such as soils, forestry, wildlife management, nature interpretation, and envirothon because they can teach them different skills first hand that can be used for future employment or in their everyday lives. The first competition that I participate in on yearly bases is the soils competitionRead MoreHurwitzs Influence on Pacific Lumber in The Last Stand by David Harris625 Words   |  3 PagesHurwitzs Influence on Pacific Lumber in The Last Stand by David Harris In The Last Stand, David Harris shows that the old Pacific Lumber practiced selective cut and sustained yield forestry as opposed to clear cutting. Under the old management, selective cut and sustained yield were seen as beneficial and a more practical way to manage lumber and timber. When the new management took over the company, the process of clear cutting was taken into effect. Now in charge of PacificRead MoreEssay Desertification And Deforestation5662 Words   |  23 Pagesdeforestation. With over four million squared kilometers it is roughly the size of the United States. The Amazon spreads across nine South American Countries and contains one-fifth of the Worlds fresh water and one-third of the known living species. The land is home to hundreds of indigenous groups and is considered by many to be â€Å"the lungs of the planet†. Most of the Amazon is still pristine, but the region is being destroyed at an alarming rate. Over 8 million acres of the rainforest are lostRead MoreCarbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems Essay2422 Words   |  10 Pagesfor climate change. Forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but there are still questions about how significant of a role they play and how manipulating management plans affects a forested area’s carbon sequestration potential. Various factors such as land-use history, age of a forest stand, and potential feedback processes must all be taken into account when determining if forests are a feasible method of climate change mitigation. The implications of forested areas providingRead MoreCode of Ethics for Government Officials and Employees13874 Words   |  56 Pagesmark of courtesy; 2. The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a scholarship or fellowship grant or medical treatment; or 3. The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses for travel taking place entirely outside the Philippine (such as allowances, transportation, food, and lodging) of more than nominal value if such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the Philippines, and permitted by the head of office, branchRead Morehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua http://www.eske-style.co.nz/areas/rotorua/rotorua.asp3100 Words   |  13 Pagesknown to Maori, soon became of interest to European tourist and tourism itself became the catalyst for a ‘Government’ town. Geothermal and scenic wonders along with Maori culture experiences were and remain the core of rotorua attractions. Farming, forestry, manufacturing, retail and services along with tourism are today the main sectors of district’s economy. The volcan Tarawera and the thermal area of Whakarewarewa are part of the taupo volcanic zone, which is, in turn a section of a fault line thatRead MoreThe Great Northwoods Essay7709 Words   |  31 Pagesof forest depletion and the tragedies that resulted from it. Finally, I shall move into the conservation movement. With the failure of agriculture to take a firm hold, the conservation movement led the government to purchase large tracts of land in an effort to save what little was left of the great forests of Wisconsin. Fires had become rampant within the region, lives were being lost, and the government became determined to correct the situation. I have determined that the end pointRead MoreEnvironmental Issues and the Importance of Connecting With Nature2333 Words   |  10 PagesGlobal Education in Washington shows that new methods and materials that aid in connecting with nature rebind our natural roots with the earth and reduce our personal, social, and environmental problems. Problems The problems or obstacles that stand in the way of our journey to reconnect with nature need to be identified. The fundamental problem, as David Wann writes in his book Bio-Logic, is that our brains-- and technologies-- are still evolving. Although we are part of nature, humans haveRead MoreAboriginal Rights in Canada: Are They Being Denied?2995 Words   |  12 PagesAboriginal Rights in Canada: Are They Being Denied? When Canada was first inhabited by the First Nations people, the land was completely their own. They were free to inhabit and use the land in whichever manner they saw fit. However, since the arrival of the European settlers, the First Nations people have been mistreated in countless ways. They faced many issues throughout history, and are now facing even more serious problems in our modern society like having to endure racism, discriminationRead MoreChipko Movment5017 Words   |  21 Pagesthe district.-Geography:The district is located in the western Rajasthan of India... , in 1730 AD, when 363 Bishnois Bishnois Bishnois are known to be the first environmentalist in the world as they have known to be following environment amp; wildlife protection amp; conservation since 1485 when environmentalist saint Guru Jambheshwar made it religiously compulsory to Not cut green trees and To be compassionate to all living... , led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives  while protecting

Business Development Idea Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Disscuss about the Business Development Idea. Answer: Introduction This report reflects the business idea and profitable business strategic plans which could be undertaken by business entrepreneur with a view run business effectively. There are several business options and strategic plans which will help business entrepreneur to set up new business in Australia. However, there are several internal and external factors which will be faced by business entrepreneur while introducing new business plan in Australia. In this report, financial consultancy business has been taken into consideration as a developed business idea. Developed business plan With the increasing ramification of economic changes and complexity of business factors, various business entrepreneurs are inclined towards using strategic planning process before starting up new business. It is evaluated that if business entrepreneur wants to start up new financial consultancy service firm then firstly, all the associated business entrepreneur on joint basis needs to evaluate all the internal and external factors such as number of startup business, small business enterprises productivity and financial measurement of market (market share, existing rivals offering and strategic plans of organizations) (Bruton, et al. 2015). The proposed financial consultancy service firm will be having financial consultancy service association private limited. This financial consultancy service association private limited will be private company with five members. It is observed that there are several organizations that are facing problems such as high financial leverage, unstructure d capital structure, financial management problems and selecting particular project for their betterment of organization. Therefore, the developed value chain activities of financial consultancy service association private limited will be indulged in providing best possible financial advice and strategic plans which could be used by other companies to create value in their investment decisions (Schaper, et al. 2014). In addition to this, services provided by financial consultancy service association private limited will include investment by investors in mutual funds, capital market and grasping fixed deposits. Furthermore, on corporate level, company will also help other small companies to take effective capital budgeting decisions (Solayman, 2013). This process will help small organizations to evaluate the best possible investment project options that will help them to create value on their investment. It is considered that financial consultancy service association private limited has to implement systematic strategic plan to evaluate the all the internal and external factors of financial market. However, the main problem which would be faced by financial consultancy service association private limited in providing consultancy services to clients would be related to marketing of its company brand image and increasing overall market share (Henreksonx Sanandaji, 2014). It is considered that clients in Australia are more inclined towards established financial advisors. Therefore, financial consultancy service association private limited needs to establish effective marketing strategies to run its business effectively in Australian market. It could be done by implementing cyber computing enterprises resources planning. It could be inferred that after adoption of this level of cyber computing enterprises resources planning by financial consultancy service association private limited will help organizations to collect data through online monkey survey (Najmaei S adeghinejad, 2017). This collected data could be used by company to catch up with new clients or fixing meeting in formal ways. In addition to this, cyber computing enterprises resources planning will also reduce the overall complexity and cumbersome communication process in effective manner. This level of technical adoption and strategic planning by the board of directors of company will surely result to providing unique level of financial services and advice for clients. However, company could by injecting more capital in its private funds can grant persons loans or corporate loans to its trust worthy clients. Nonetheless, this loan providing services could be done only when company alters its MOA and AOA by adding financial services in its ancillary object (Reimers, 2013). Structured program of incorporating Fast fit city business Promoters of the company will have to invest AUD$ 100K to start up new business. This cost will be used to install cyber computing enterprises resources planning and structured program of financial consultancy service association private limited (AUDRETSCH, 2014). This company would invest AUD$ 50 K in installation of cyber computing enterprises resources planning and rest of the amount will be undertaken for other structured value chain activities of financial consultancy service association private limited. In addition to this, if after implementing business functioning of providing financial consultancy services in market, financial consultancy service association private limited observe need to enter into strategic alliance then it will inject more money to pay consideration to other target organization for the betterment of established business (Brigham, Ehrhardt, 2013). Creating core competency in providing consultation on financial services It is considered that providing financial consultancy services to organization in the market will not end the vision of company. However, company needs to undertake various activities such as hiring financial advisors, collecting data from the market, advertisement and conducting conference for financial services awareness. Furthermore, company needs to establish its brand image in the market with a view to create core competency in providing financial services (Jeston Nelis, 2014). It is observed that if company could provide unique financial services such as securitization, reducing cost of capital or capital budgeting decisions then it will not only increase the overall turnover of company but also result to create core competency in financial consultancy services in market. Financial consultancy service association private limited needs to hire professional financial experts who have wide level of international financial knowledge and well versed with the financial analysis tool s. These experts will give consultation to small organizations to reduce their overall cost of capital, mitigating problems associated with financial leverage, maintaining the unstructured capital structure, financial management problems and selecting particular project for their betterment of organization (AUDRETSCH, 2014). Now in the end, it could be inferred that proper level of strategic planning and hiring of financial experts are the key pillar for the business success of financial consultancy service association private limited. There are several organizations in the Australia that have been facing high cost of capital and financial leverage problem due to less effective financial management. If company wants to tap needy clients then it should implement effective online marketing strategies through its online cyber computing enterprise resource planning. References AUDRETSCH, D. B. (2014). Small Business and Entrepreneurship: The Emergence of a Scholarly Field.20 years of Entrepreneurship Research,49. Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Bruton, G., Khavul, S., Siegel, D., Wright, M. (2015). New financial alternatives in seeding entrepreneurship: Microfinance, crowdfunding, and peer?to?peer innovations.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(1), 9-26. Henrekson, M., Sanandaji, T. (2014). Small business activity does not measure entrepreneurship.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(5), 1760-1765. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Najmaei, A. Sadeghinejad, Z., (2017). Designing Business Models for Creating and Capturing Shared Value: An Activity-System Perspective.Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, p.335. Reimers, J. L. (2013).Financial Accounting: Pearson New International Edition: A Business Process Approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Schaper, M. T., Volery, T., Weber, P. C., Gibson, B. (2014).Entrepreneurship and small business. Solayman, M. M. (2013). Strategic Performance Measurement Guidelines And Framework To Merge Balanced Scorecards And Business Intelligence Techniques.Asian Journal Of Computer Science Information Technology,3(10).

Strategic Management Paper Chapter Essay Example

Strategic Management Paper Chapter Paper This can affect company performance in the long run especially if people will patronize the new entrants. Rt 3 Despite the entry of new competitors, Jollibee has been insignificantly affected because of its scheme of buying competitors and assimilating itself into the Company group. 06. There is an opportunity for competitors to agree upon a price ceiling to be able to maintain their customers. Wt = . 09 To maintain customers is to ensure that product prices are kept to an affordable value considering the competition. New products are normally created that are priced to a minimum to attract customers. Rt = 2 Jollibee has maintained that prices of new products are kept abreast with competitors. By doing this, the threat of new substitute products are minimized because pricing is adapted to address the potential threat. other fast-food products to satisfy their wants in terms of food service. Wt = success largely depends on its customers and their buying power. Rt = 3 By lowering food prices, Jollibee continues to address this disposable income rise so as to maintain constant or growing sales. By lowering prices, Jollibee attracts customer who can buy more in their stores compared to ther competitors. T2. Varying consumption patterns may lead consumers to find alternative food products other than that which Jollibee may offer. Wt= . 06 The growing taste of consumers affects the sales of companies for they continue to seek out new products offering a new taste. Nonetheless, almost all food chains do not significantly differ in product offering. Rt = 3 By continuous innovations of product development, Jollibee does not significantly lose in this threat. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management Paper Chapter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management Paper Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management Paper Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are able to address the growing demands for new food products. T3. With more international franchise store entering the Philippines, consumers have a lot option to decide where to go sizeable exposure to multinational fast food chains, high-end dining. Wt= . 07 Globalization is imminent and the Philippines is a good place to start developing a new food business. Filipinos are basically food enthusiast with colonial mentality preferring foreign based chains over local ones. Rt 2 Jollibee has quite failed to address the influx of new and foreign competitors. It has stuck with its brand of promoting Filipino-oriented fast food until now. T4. Jollibee faces a huge market competition due to the fact that these two (McDonalds and KFC) chains are internationally-based and is rapidly expanding and are already established within the country. Wt = . 09 McDonalds and KFC are Jollibees biggest competitors in the country. Both have the resources to play step-by-step with Jollibee in terms of resources and product development. 4 Jollibee has stepped up efforts to compete head-to-head with these two giant ast-food chains by rigorous product development and innovation. The key is continuous progress and quick response to the needs of its market. T5. Lack of new entrants to the industry results to higher competition among existing and established businesses. Wt= . 08 There are little entrants in the caliber Of Jollibee, McDonalds, or KFC in terms of fast-food chain. Therefore, the competition is narrowed among the three big competitors. Rt = 2 Repsonse is basically the same as previous threat. Jollibee has stepped up efforts to compete head-to-head with these two giant fast-food chains by igorous product development and innovation. T6. Higher competition is expected due to the threats brought by substitute products. Wt = . 09 The fast-food industry plays on product innovation and development. Lagging into these will result in reduced sales output of fast-food companies. Rt 4 Jollibee has addressed this continuous progress and quick response to the needs of its market. B) Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) A competitive profile matrix compares a company and its rivals. The matrix reveals strengths and weaknesses for each company, and critical success factors show areas of success or areas for improvement. Understanding a few key elements of a competitive profile matrix will help with interpretation. Jollibee McDonalds KFC Critical Success Factors Score 1 . Advertising . 4 0. 4 2. product Quality . 05 . 15 0. 15 0. 2 3. Price Competitiveness . 3 . 9 0. 9 0. 6 4. Management . 2 5. Financial Position 6. Customer Loyalty 0. 3 7. Global Expansion 8. Market Share 1. 2 Total: 100% 3. 57 3. 35 2. 65 4 = Major strength where the response is superior, 3 = Minor strength where the response is above average, 2 = Minor weakness where response is average, 1 = Major weakness where the response is poor. In the Philippines, it is evident that Jollibee is the leading fast-food brand overall. Although McDonalds is very close and KFC maintaining a good distance not to be left out, Jollibees SUCceSS is evident as against the other competitors largely because it is a locally-based firm unlike the other two which are internationally based. CSFI . Advertising Weight = Jollibee uses different strategies often seeking to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves associating a products name or image with certain qualities in the minds of consumers. Jollibee Rate = 4 Jollibees revenue shoots up because of its strong marketing programs emanating from the Langhap Sarap motto. McDonalds Rate = 4 McDonalds invests on their marketing programs as well, ranging from its first, drive † thru facilities, the McSavers value meals and Happy Meals, and the introduction and re-launching of various McDonalds products. KFC Rate The chain is well known for the finger lickin good slogan which makes it such a household name in the fast food chain industry as well. CSF2. Product Quality CSF Weight = . 5 Most business, such as Jollibee, that produce goods for sale have a product uality or assurance department that monitors outgoing products for consumer acceptability Jollibee Rate = 3 Jollibee has a strong understanding of Filipinos taste and preference as well as it is high quality with a tailored menu specifically for Filipinos. McDonalds Rate = 3 McDonalds is committed to provide customers with high quality products as well KFC Rate = 4 W hile KFC is known for its Quality Management Program as its standards for product quality exceeds the customers expectations. CSF3. Price Competitiveness weight = . 3 Competitive pricing is used by Jollibee often because they sell similar roducts to that of McDonalds and KFC, since services can vary from business to business while the attributes of Jollibees products remain similar. Jollibee Rate = 3 Its price competitiveness is lower than that offered by the competitors, or the price is made more attractive because of added incentives, such as longer payment terms. McDonalds Rate 3 McDonalds also offers food at prices that cannot be easily matched by other competitors thus making this an advantage. KFC Rate = 2 KFC uses this pricing strategy as well but compared to Jollibee and McDonalds, its approach to this strategy is less aggressive compared to the ther competitors. CSF4. Management weight = . 05 It is evident that the company uses effective and efficient planning strategies from goal and objective setting hierarchical structure to duty delegations and job specifications. Jollibee Rate = 4 Jollibee always makes sure that all aspects of the day-to-day running restaurant, from sales and operational management to budgetary control and team development. We are looking for leaders who will maximize the potential of the Restaurant and deliver exceptional resu Its through their people. McDonalds Rate = 4 McDonalds has provided the same techniques with regards its management. KFC Rate = 4 ike Jollibee and McDonalds, KFC hires the right candidates to manage its operations and strategy planning. CSF5. Financial Position The company is consistent with an increasing trend in terms of revenues, operating costs and expenses. Jollibee Rate = 4 Jollibee is in a secure financial position. However, improvements are needed in some areas for the company if it intends to grow. McDonalds Rate 4 It is discovered that efficient operations, strong short and long term solvency position, high profitability, highly loyal customer, broader ne?ork expansion nd the value adding menu are major factors Of its successful financial position. KFC Rate = 4 KFCs escalating ratio is a result of the higher increase in sales over its cost of sales and operating expenses, leading to a higher income before interest and taxes. CSF6. Customer Loyalty Weight Jollibee nowadays have capitalized making their loyalty programs, which often gives benefits that also cost a little, but it carries with them an assumed prestige. Jollibee Rate = 4 Instead of targeting all customers, Jollibee only needs to target new customers in order to grow their business. Their customer loyalty is an easily efendable qualitative factor, so competing institutions will have a difficult time overcoming it. McDonalds Rate † 4 McDonalds may not have Jollibees high Customer Loyalty but it does instil brand loyalty in customers as regards to introducing Ronald McDonald as its clown mascot. KFC Rate = 3 KFCs strategy in gaining Customer Loyalty actually targets the youth and the company focuses more on innovation. CSF7. Global Expansion Jollibee is aggressively entrusting its expansion both locally and globally which in the long term, more and more of the profit growth will come from franchising. Jollibee Rate = 2 Unlike its other competitors, this company has little exposure to competition with foreigners and has limited markets with overseas Filipino communities. McDonalds Rate 4 McDonalds adaptation to the local culture in every country is the way they have managed to successfully provide Global Expansion. KFC Rate = 4 Same as McDonalds, KFC has proven its ability to expand globally along with its diverse strategies. CSF8. Market Share Weight = . 3 This fast food chain not only to win the market share of fast food customers, but also to dominate the Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) industry in the Philippines. Jollibee Rate = 4 Jollibee now controls 18% of the market in Metro Manila, handily beating McDonalds which is said to only have 10% share of the market. McDonalds McDonalds is the worlds largest food service organization. McDonalds holds more than 40% share of the US fast-food burger market, many times the share of its nearest competitor. However, in the Philippines, Jollibee is considered as having more market shares. KFC Rate = 2 KFC is currently sharing its market to brands like McDonalds and Jollibee for under Chicken Dishes category, garnering at least 30% of its share. KFC is more focused on investing in advertising. C) Internal Factors Evaluation (IFE) Matrix This strategy-formulation tool summarizes and evaluates the major strengths and weaknesses in the functional areas of a business, and it also provides a basis for identifying and evaluating relationships among those areas. Intuitive judgments are required in developing an IFE Matrix, so the appearance of a scientific approach should not be interpreted to mean this is an all-powerful technique. A thorough understanding of the factors included is more important than the actual numbers.

The Mysterious Stranger essays

The Mysterious Stranger essays In the Mark Twain story The Mysterious Stranger, Satan teaches Theodor that the Moral Sense that humans possess is more of an impairment than a gift. The first time Satan degrades Mans Moral Sense is when he use the term to explain the difference between himself and Man (66). Theodor, who only had a dim idea of what the Moral Sense was is upset at the way Satan speaks of it. Satan shows Theodor several examples of the cruel things Man does that no other animal on earth would do. Satan says that that although man was given the Moral Sense to differentiate right from wrong he usually makes the wrong decision(78). Satan also says that man is proud to have the Moral Sense when it is actually a shameful possession(78). The examples of the poverty in the French Village(78-9), the man being tortured in the jail(78),and persecution of the witches are all used by Satan to teach Theodor the flaws of mankind and the Moral Sense. Theodor begins to understand why Satan looks down upon our race as silly and trivial when he sees all of the cruel things that man does to other men and animals. Satan defends even the animals of the earth by saying that even they are not tainted with the disease called the Moral Sense(80) and therefore cannot do wrong because they dont have a choice like man does. He questions the boys as to why Hans Opperts loyal dog should not be allowed into heaven and asks if their race can add anything to this dogs stock of morals and magnanimities.(80) Satan thinks that the Moral Sense make humans a foolish race. Mans cruelty cannot be blamed on anyone but him because he knows right from wrong. Along with the Moral Sense, Satan also compares humans to sheep, and says that they are mostly followers and afraid to assert themselves because they want to sta ...

Chemistry Experiments With Pennies

Chemistry Experiments With Pennies Use pennies, nails, and a few simple household ingredients to explore some of the properties of metals: Materials Needed 20-30 dull pennies1/4 cup white vinegar (dilute acetic acid)1 teaspoon salt (NaCl)1 shallow, clear glass or plastic bowl (not metal)1-2 clean steel screws or nailswatermeasuring spoonspaper towels Shiny Clean Pennies Pour the salt and vinegar into the bowl.Stir until the salt dissolves.Dip a penny halfway into the liquid and hold it there for 10-20 seconds. Remove the penny from the liquid. What do you see?Dump the rest of the pennies into the liquid. The cleaning action will be visible for several seconds. Leave the pennies in the liquid for 5 minutes.Proceed to Instant Verdigris! Pennies get dull over time because the copper in the pennies slowly reacts with air to form copper oxide. Pure copper metal is bright and shiny, but the oxide is dull and greenish. When you place the pennies in the salt and vinegar solution, the acetic acid from the vinegar dissolves the copper oxide, leaving behind shiny clean pennies. The copper from the copper oxide stays in the liquid. You could use other acids instead of vinegar, like lemon juice. Instant Verdigris! Note: You want to keep the liquid you used to clean the pennies, so dont dump it down the drain!After the 5 minutes required for Shiny Clean Pennies, take half of the pennies out of the liquid and place them on a paper towel to dry.Remove the rest of the pennies and rinse them well under running water. Place these pennies on a second paper towel to dry.Allow about an hour to pass and take a look at the pennies you have placed on the paper towels. Write labels on your paper towels so you will know which towel has the rinsed pennies.While you are waiting for the pennies to do their thing on the paper towels, use the salt and vinegar solution to make Copper Plated Nails. Rinsing the pennies with water stops the reaction between the salt/vinegar and the pennies. They will slowly turn dull again over time, but not quickly enough for you to watch! On the other hand, the salt/vinegar residue on the unrinsed pennies promotes a reaction between the copper and the oxygen in the air. The resulting blue-green copper oxide is commonly called verdigris. It is a type of patina found on a metal, similar to tarnish on silver. The oxide forms in nature as well, producing minerals such as malachite and azurite. Copper Plated Nails Place a nail or screw so that it is half in and half out of the solution you used to clean the pennies. If you have a second nail/screw, you can let it sit completely immersed in the solution.Do you see bubbles rising from the nail or the threads of the screw?Allow 10 minutes to pass and then take a look at the nail/screw. Is it two different colors? If not, return the nail to its position and check it again after an hour. The copper that coats the nail/screw comes from the pennies. However, it exists in the salt/vinegar solution as positively charged copper ions as opposed to neutral copper metal. Nails and screws are made of steel, an alloy primarily composed of iron. The salt/vinegar solution dissolves some of the iron and its oxides on the surface of the nail, leaving a negative charge on the surface of the nail. Opposite charges attract, but the copper ions are more strongly attracted to the nail than the iron ions, so a copper coating forms on the nail. At the same time, the reactions involving the hydrogen ions from the acid and the metal/oxides produce some hydrogen gas, which bubbles up from the site of the reaction - the surface of the nail or screw. Design Your Own Experiments with Pennies Explore chemistry using pennies and ingredients from your kitchen. Household chemicals that can clean or discolor your pennies include baking soda, vinegar, ketchup, salsa, pickle juice, detergent, soap, fruit juice... the possibilities are limited only by your imagination. Make a prediction about what you think will happen and then see if your hypothesis is supported.

Product Reliability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Product Reliability - Essay Example 56)†. In today’s development of industrial products, reliability concerns are not addressed properly in the prior steps of the process (Prabhakar and Osteras 121). The reliability of the products also depends on two manufacturing items: the technical decisions made in the early stages and the consequence of commercial results in the final stages. An engineer can employ effective methodology for reliable performance and specification in order to make a better decision. Product reliability develops a structure that joins reliable specifications, both design and materials, and product performance in the manufacture of new product products (Prabhakar and Osteras 81). Product reliability depends on the design, material used for a product and the manufacturing process. Design refers to the  act  of creating a layout or convention for constructing an object or system as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawing, business process and circuit diagrams. It may also be d efined as a strategy employed to achieve a unique goal or expectation. Potential Stages for Design Reviews (â€Å"Blueprints for Product Reliability†) ... The term is sometimes used to refer to components with specific physical properties that are used as inputs in manufacturing of products. In this context, materials are the components used to make product – computers, cars, buildings etc. Some applications require a product to have specific types of material properties such as load resistant steels for bridges, cranes or buildings. Cars, for instance, use aluminum as it is light, so the car consumes less fuel, corrosion resistance and aluminum alloys are easier to manufacture and use. Polystyrene with the recycling code 6 or Styrofoam cups, plates, carryout containers is petroleum-based plastics. They can release potentially toxic breakdown products, particularly when heated. Ceramic, glass, paper or safer plastics like numbers 1, 2 or 5 are a better alternative. Using the wrong material can result in a catastrophic failure that can harm life or environment (Chitale 154). Product Life Cycle Cost Impact. (â€Å"Blueprints for Product Reliability†) Manufacturing is the process of producing goods for use sale using machinery, labor and tools. This term may refer to a series of human activity such as handicraft, or high tech, but is most used in reference to industrial production, where raw materials are turned into finished products on a large scale. The finished products can be used  to make  more complex products such as household appliances, aircraft or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers who then sell them to end users. Manufacturing has many categories such as casting for engine blocks, molding for beams, forming as in press for panels, machining for drilling and

Analyzing Religions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Religions - Research Paper Example Like European, North American, South American and Australian countries represent majority population who are firm believers of Christianity. Similarly Middle East, South East Asia and some part of Africa represent majority of Muslim population. The people of Asia Pacific countries and some South Asian countries are Buddhism majority countries (DK Publishing 2004). There are more Christian believers (more than 2 billion) in the world than Muslim believers (more than 1.3 billion). The initial leaders of Christians were Jesus Christ himself and his early believers Peter and Paul (Lindberg 2009). Initial leaders of Muslim era include the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. The four companions of Prophet Muhammad are famous among the majority of the Muslims: Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali. These four companions of the Prophet Muhammad ruled over the Muslim states one after another respectively (Maps.com 1999). There are a lot of things common in Muslims and Christians. First of all, they are considered as Abrahamic religions. Both religions hail from Prophet Abraham. Secondly, Catholic and Muslim believe in the same GOD. The basic religious concepts of both religions are similar. For example, the concept of Prophets, Angels, Paradise, Hell, life after death and Fate are same between the Catholic and Muslim. Besides all these common viewpoints mentioned in above paragraph, there are also several conflicting beliefs between Muslims and Christians. The concept of GOD among the Christians is different than Muslims belief of GOD. The Christians believe in Trinity which defines God as three divine persons (or hypostases): the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit whereas Muslims strongly believe that the GOD is one and only. Some rituals and practices between the Christians and Muslims are of the similar nature and some rituals and practices are of the different nature. Like

Ethanol Fuel Essay Example for Free

Ethanol Fuel Essay Ethanol is regarded as an attractive alternative to gasoline and other fossil fuel-based automotive energy sources because they can assist in ending dependence on foreign-based oil imports, a dependence which reaches 140 billion gallons a year in the United States alone.Gal Luft, a director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, asserts that oil dependence is problematic not just for economic reasons, but for political ones as well, maintaining that the relationship between the United States and the oil-producing Muslim nation states is strained at best (as well as noting that this political tension is probably of greater concern than any purported political instability are said to plague these oil-producing nations. )   As such, oil dependency constitutes a political liability. Furthermore, geologists have argued that oil prices are not going to get any better, what with the increasing costs of drilling current oil reserves, and ethanol is therefore an economically sound alternative. However, ethanol is not without its critics. Critics charge that the ethanol boom in the United States, which relies primarily on corn for feedstock has resulted in dramatic increases in food prices (and it is worth noting that many non-corn based food commodities utilize corn syrup). Farmers have begun to see the ethanol boom as lucrative incentive for corn production, which in its most positive sense has raised their incomes and â€Å"given new hope to flagging rural economies.† This translates to a diversion of grain-based agriculture towards fuel production, imposing dramatic impacts upon the costs of maintaining food supply for both the world’s hungry and the world’s well fed. Grunwald maintains that â€Å"the grain it takes to fill an SUV tank could feed a person for a year.†   Furthermore, research presents that the rapid expansion of corn agriculture to feed the ethanol boom holds environmental consequences. Environmental journalist Richard Manning charges that industrialized agriculture is detrimental to soil fertility.Mindy Lubber concurs, maintaining that massive land conversion of lands towards the production of corn could recreate the conditions of The Great Dust Bowl, a period in the American heartland which saw hundreds of thousands of would-be wheat farmers plow the soil to death to profit from golden grain. However, ethanol proponents are careful to remind us that it is also a renewable fuel source. Because it is derived from grain and other starch crops, and may also be obtained from cellulosic biomass such as crop residue, sugar cane bagasse and old newspapers, it is essentially a sustainable resource insofar production is concerned. Additionally, its energy potential, while being significantly less than that of gasoline, is endowed with a high octane level that gives it the power that is crucial to the operation of high compression engines such as those found in high performance automobiles. Furthermore, Khosla argues that the trajectory of ethanol development will result in continuously increasing potential for energy density and engine efficiency that would rival that of gasoline. While opponents of corn-based ethanol have charged that the energy yield barely exceeds the amount of energy used in its production, developments in cellulose-based ethanol have been promising, which may lead to a future in which the biomass and waste of any municipality could be used for ethanol production. Beyond the direct effects on corn prices, the corn-based ethanol boom also affects the price of various food commodities. Grunwald notes that the soybean market is affect to such an extent as to jack up the price of soybeans. Also, increased production of sugarcane-based ethanol, combined with sugar quotas in the U.S. ensure that domestic prices of sugar continue to inflate. As such, producers of high fructose corn syrup such as the agribusiness giant Archer Daniels Midland benefits in a situation where the price demand for high fructose corn syrup remains inelastic, simply because they are able to charge more for without fearing that sweetener-dependent companies will retaliate by switching to sugar.Even the price of a Starbucks latte is not immune to the effects of the corn-based ethanol boom, as diversion of crop grown to fuel production takes it away from the mouths of dairy cattle. Furthermore, the demand for ethanol has effects that reach as far as the Amazon rainforest, where the resulting expansion is leading to its deforestation. This is an overwhelmingly negative development as the rainforest is a highly biodiverse region. Grunwald reports that scientists believe that this could essentially reduce the Amazon to a savanna, or worse, a desert. Ethanol is not just an alternative fuel, but a complex distillation of political, economic and environmental issues. As such, it is difficult to reduce it to a simple either/or issue, let alone endorse it wholeheartedly as the silver bullet that will solve problems of climate change and fossil fuel dependency.

Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman Essay -- Poem Poet Whitman B

"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" by Walt Whitman Recurring Images and Motifs in "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" In the poem "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" by Walt Whitman, there are many recurring images and motifs that can be seen. Whitman develops these images throughout the course of the poem. The most dominant of these are the linear notion of time, playing roles, and nature. By examining these motifs and tracing their development, ones understanding of the poem becomes highly deepened. Whitman challenges the linear notion of time by connecting past with future. This can be seen in the first stanza, as the poem opens: "And you that shall cross from shore to shore years hence are more to me, and more in my meditations than you might suppose"(4-5). This lets the reader know that he has written this with the reader in mind, even before that reader existed. He challenges time by connecting his time with ours. He has preconcived us reading this poem. When we read his words we are connected to him and his feelings, all in the same time. He is sure that after he is gone the water will still run and people will still "see the shipping of Manhattan/and the heights of Brooklyn" (14-15). He makes his past and our futher all one. No matter the time nor the distance, the reader will experience the same way he experiences at the moment in time he resides: Just as you feel when you look on the river and sky...

Business Research Method

Your Answer: a) The report of a pilot study. Correct Answer: d) The listing of all units in the population from which the sample will be selected. Feedback: It is important to identify a sampling frame so that a representative sample can then be taken from within a specified unit. Question 2 How will a researcher usually prevent a significant sampling error? Your Answer: b) Issue questionnaires to the entire sampling frame. Correct Answer: d) Use probability sampling. Feedback: Probability sampling allows the researcher to apply tests of statistical significance which then allow inferences to be made about the overall sampling frame.Question 3 If an organisation has 12,000 employees and the researcher is able to interview 250 the probability of inclusion in the sample is? Your Answer: a) 1 in 96. Correct Answer: c) 1 in 48. Feedback: Simple random sampling assumes that each member of the population has an equal probability of inclusion in the sample. The probability is calculated via a sampling fraction with the total population being divided by the sample size. Question 4 If a researcher wishes to obtain a nationally representative sample of trade union members but does not have the resources to travel long distances what method of sampling could they use?Your Answer: a) Stratified random sampling. Correct Answer: b) Multi-stage cluster sampling. Feedback: Multi-stage cluster sampling allows interviewers to concentrate their research more than simple random or stratified sampling. Question 5 Which of the following is not something a researcher will have to consider when thinking about their sample size? Your Answer: a) Time and cost. Correct Answer: c) Length of questionnaire. Feedback: In general bigger is better when considering sample size however all researchers need to be aware of the limitations of their resources. Question 6Which of the following is an example of convenience sampling? Your Answer: b) A random sample of employees who are absent from work through stress. Correct Answer: c) Managers attending a seminar on corporate social responsibility organised by the researcher. Feedback: It is possible that the researcher could take the opportunity of issuing a questionnaire to these managers whilst they are at the seminar. It is unlikely that the researcher will come across the other options in as convenient a manner. Question 7 Which of the following is not a benefit of snowball sampling? Your Answer: b) It is always representative of the population.Feedback: Snowball sampling is unlikely to be representative of the population because of the difficulty in establishing a sampling frame. The sampling frames that apply when snowball sampling is relevant are usually fluid and constantly shifting. Question 8 Quota sampling is used intensively in which type of research? Your Answer: d) Ethnographic research. Correct Answer: a) Market research. Feedback: Commercial research and political opinion polling are other types of research tha t use quota sampling. Question 9 The findings from a study of decision making processes within a UK financial services company can be generalized to:Your Answer: d) none of the above. Correct Answer: c) decision making processes in the researched companies. Feedback: Business and management researchers should be cautious of overgeneralizing findings beyond the researched organisation to alternative cultures. Question 10 As part of survey research design the sample was selected by the HR manager. What sort of error could this lead to? Your Answer: d) Data processing error. Correct Answer: a) Sampling error. Feedback: The choices made by the HR manager may have been non-random and could also have reflected a bias on the part of the individual making the choices

P2 †Describe the Four Main Tissue Types in the Body

The Cell P2 – Describe the four main tissue types in the body Inside the body, there are four mains types of tissue which include the Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous and Connective. Tissues are known as groups of cells which have a certain structure to retain a specific job. Epithelial Tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. It protects our insides, it’s known as the skin. It also absorbs in the intestinal lining and stomach, otherwise known as the gut. It also filters in the kidneys and secretes(forms glands).Epithelial cells are attached to each other closely forming a protective barrier and have no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue from underneath. It protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes which could harm you. It is innervated which means it has a lot of nerves in it and it is very good at regenerating for example having a grazed knee or sunburn. It also prote cts the main organ which is the heart, from rubbing against and harming the lobes in the heart against lungs.It gives us an extra barrier for security and saves the heart from many different injuries and also helps protect the upper body around the heart area. Connective Tissue is internal support for our organs, it protects them and wraps around them like a cushion. It stores nutrients and runs through the organs’ capsules and inside deep layers of the skin. These tissues have some sort of supporting role, which include bone, tendons, blood, adipose and cartilage.There are three different categories for connective tissue; Supportive connective tissues are like bone and cartilage, Fluid connective tissues are like the blood and Connective Tissue proper are both loose and dense connective tissue, which links the tissues together. Bones support the lungs and protect from injury. Elastic connective tissue is also found in the lungs and is able to extend like an elastic band when forced. Connective tissues also give shape and strength to other tissues that form the heart, it ensures the heart beats and functions properly..Nervous Tissue is the main component of the nervous system, it conducts impulses too and from body organs by neutrons. The three main elements of nervous tissue are found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Nervous Tissue controls many systems in our bodies without us being aware of it. When we breathe, air moves in to our respiratory system and if we should choke a coughing reflex should occur by nerve reflexes sent from the brain. Nervous tissue also plays a big part in our cardio vascular system, it automatically tells the heart to beat and keeps blood pumping around the body, this also controls the heart rate.Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of  muscles  and glands,  homeostasis, and mental activity. Muscular Tissue is responsible for the bodies’ movement, moves food, blood and wast e through the bodies’ organs and is responsible for mechanical digestion. There are three different types of muscle tissue; Smooth Muscle found in blood vessel walls and organ walls and spindle-shaped cells for pushing things through organs, involuntary. Skeletal Muscle found in large body muscles, voluntary, packed in bundles and attached to bones for movement.Skeletal muscles are important for holding bones in the correct position so they are essential to the rib cage to protect your respiratory system making sure your cardio vascular system receives enough oxygen. Cardiac Muscle found in the heart wall, involuntary and striated muscle with intercalated discs connecting cells for synchronized contractions during the hearts’ beat. Cardiac muscles ensure the heart receives oxygen from the lungs which is carried through the blood, when the cardiac muscles relax after contracting the heart fills with blood containing oxygen.

Free Essays on Norway

Norway: From It’s Past To It’s Present For ages ago, appeared the forefathers of what is the present day Norway. In a time of 10,000 years ago, these early Norwegian were mainly relayed on their prey such as reindeer. There is no historical agreement to where these ancestors had appeared from. Below I will explain the history of Norway from its past to its present. Some of their artifacts were of the same type had been discovered in Southern Sweden and in Denmark. Examples of these artifacts are claimed to be flint tools, clay vessels, art, and rock carvings. By the Bronze Age which had appeared in the 1500 to 500 BC, had started a turning point in the Norwegian history. Through the majority of the population were hunters, some had found advancements and technologies for agriculture. In the Roman Age ( 0-400 AD) was the beginning of more advancements and people began to become more civilized. Many of these advancements were the discovery of glass, weapons, bronze utensils, and the art of writing and communication. These writings were in a form of runic letters, which became popular in the Nordic times. Around the year 400 scientist and historians have found out that the Nordic forefathers began to migrate most of the time. The era of the Vikings marks a historical stand point in the prehistoric Norway. Through without written sources, the Vikings had left many archaeological remains, and stories which were inherited by mouth to generation to generation. It also has been said that out of the prehistoric period in Northern Europe, the Viking age was the richest of the all. For the early Vikings their job were mainly settled in Northern Scotland and Ireland. They were also sailors and explorers. The most two popular explorers were Eric the Red, and Leif Ericson. With their advancements, they were able to build worthy ships. The areas explored and traveled were countries such as Greenland, Iceland, and America... Free Essays on Norway Free Essays on Norway Norway Norway is a country that offers something for everyone. It’s a country of rich and diverse natural landscape that provides a fantastic setting for people. Norway’s conventional long form name is, Kingdom of Norway. Norway’s government type is a constitutional monarchy. The Norwegian government places emphasis on ensuring that all parts of the county have a share in the nations assets. Also, each country is encouraged to develop its own industrial and commercial base. Government control key areas, such as the petroleum sector and subsidize agriculture, fishing and sparse resources. The Norwegian legal system is a mixture of customary law, civil law system and common law traditions. Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislative when asked and accepts compulsory jurisdiction with reservations. The parliament is always informed when amendments to the formal framework for the operation of the Fund are made. The Political parties in Norway are: Center Party, Christian Peoples Party, Conservative Party, Labor Party, Liberal Party, Norwegian Communist Party, Progress Party, Red Electoral Alliance and Socialist Left Party. The Prime Minister of Norway is Kjell Magne Bondeuik and 19 other ministers’ work with him. The Norwegian economy is a welfare capitalism, featuring a combination of free market activity and government intervention. It is thriving and healed for further growth. The country is richly endowed with natural resources; petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. Also, it is highly dependent on its oil production and international oil prices. Norway is a major shipping nation with a high dependence on international trade and is basically an exporter of raw materials and semi-processed goods. Norway’s core markets include the Nordic region and Europe and the export horizon is steadily broadening. Norwegian companies invest for long term and are world leaders in sectors, such as maritime... Free Essays on Norway Norway: From It’s Past To It’s Present For ages ago, appeared the forefathers of what is the present day Norway. In a time of 10,000 years ago, these early Norwegian were mainly relayed on their prey such as reindeer. There is no historical agreement to where these ancestors had appeared from. Below I will explain the history of Norway from its past to its present. Some of their artifacts were of the same type had been discovered in Southern Sweden and in Denmark. Examples of these artifacts are claimed to be flint tools, clay vessels, art, and rock carvings. By the Bronze Age which had appeared in the 1500 to 500 BC, had started a turning point in the Norwegian history. Through the majority of the population were hunters, some had found advancements and technologies for agriculture. In the Roman Age ( 0-400 AD) was the beginning of more advancements and people began to become more civilized. Many of these advancements were the discovery of glass, weapons, bronze utensils, and the art of writing and communication. These writings were in a form of runic letters, which became popular in the Nordic times. Around the year 400 scientist and historians have found out that the Nordic forefathers began to migrate most of the time. The era of the Vikings marks a historical stand point in the prehistoric Norway. Through without written sources, the Vikings had left many archaeological remains, and stories which were inherited by mouth to generation to generation. It also has been said that out of the prehistoric period in Northern Europe, the Viking age was the richest of the all. For the early Vikings their job were mainly settled in Northern Scotland and Ireland. They were also sailors and explorers. The most two popular explorers were Eric the Red, and Leif Ericson. With their advancements, they were able to build worthy ships. The areas explored and traveled were countries such as Greenland, Iceland, and America...

Lee-Enfield Rifle in World War I and II

Lee-Enfield Rifle in World War I and II The Lee-Enfield was the primary infantry rifle used by British and Commonwealth forces during the first half of the 20th century. Introduced in 1895, it was a magazine-fed, bolt-action rifle that replaced the earlier Lee-Metford. Constantly improved and enhanced, the Lee-Enfield moved through a multitude of variants during its service life. The Short Lee-Enfield (SMLE) Mk. III was the principal rifle used during World War I, while the Rifle No. 4 version saw extensive service in World War II. Variants of the Lee-Enfield remained the British Armys standard rifle until 1957. The weapon and its derivatives continued to be used around the world. Development The Lee-Enfield traces it roots back to 1888, when the British Army adopted the Magazine Rifle Mk. I, also known as the Lee-Metford. Created by James P. Lee, the rifle utilized a cock-on-closing bolt with rear locking lugs, and was designed to fire the British .303 black powder cartridge. The design of the action permitted easier and faster operation than similar German Mauser designs of the day. With the shift to smokeless powder (cordite), problems began to arise with the Lee-Metford as the new propellant caused greater heat and pressure which wore away the barrels rifling. To address this issue, the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield designed a new square-shaped rifling system which proved resistant to wear. Combining Lees bolt-action with the Enfield barrel led to the production of the first Lee-Enfields in 1895. Designated .303 caliber, Rifle, Magazine, Lee-Enfield, the weapon was frequently referred to as the MLE (Magazine Lee-Enfield) or the Long Lee in reference to its barrel length. Among the upgrades incorporated into the MLE, was a 10-round detachable magazine. This was initially debated as some critics feared that soldiers would lose it in the field. In 1899, both the MLE and the cavalry carbine version saw service during the Boer War in South Africa. During the conflict, problems arose regarding the weapons accuracy and a lack of charger loading. Officials at Enfield began working to address these issues, as well as to create a single weapon for both infantry and cavalry use. The result was the Short Lee-Enfield (SMLE) Mk. I, which possessed charger loading (2 five-round chargers) and vastly improved sights. Entering service in 1904, the design was further refined over the next three years to produce the iconic SMLE Mk. III. Lee Enfield Mk. III Cartridge: .303 BritishCapacity: 10 roundsMuzzle Velocity: 2,441 ft./sec.Effective Range: 550 yds.Weight: approx. 8.8 lbs.Length: 44.5 in.Barrel Length: 25 in.Sights: Sliding ramp rear sights, fixed-post front sights, dial long-range volley sightsAction: Bolt-actionNumber Built: approx. 17 million Short Lee-Enfield Mk. III Introduced on January 26, 1907, the SMLE Mk. III possessed a modified chamber capable of firing the new Mk. VII High Velocity spitzer .303 ammunition, a fixed charger guide, and simplified rear sights. The standard British infantry weapon of World War I, the SMLE Mk. III soon proved too complicated for industry to produce in sufficient numbers to meet wartime needs. To deal with this problem, a stripped down version was designed in 1915. Dubbed the SMLE Mk. III*, it did away with the Mk. IIIs magazine cut-off, volley sights, and rear-sight windage adjustment. British forces with their SMLE Mk. IIIs in the trenches during World War I. Public Domain During the conflict, the SMLE proved a superior rifle on the battlefield and one capable of keeping up high rates of accurate fire. Many stories recount German troops reporting encountering machine gun fire, when in fact they had met trained British troops equipped with SMLEs. In the years after the war, Enfield attempted to permanently address the Mk. IIIs production issues. This experiment resulted in the SMLE Mk. V which possessed a new receiver-mounted aperture sighting system and a magazine cut-off. Despite their efforts, the Mk. V proved to be more difficult and costly to build than the Mk. III. World War II In 1926, the British Army changed its nomenclature and the Mk. III became known as Rifle No. 1 Mk. III. Over the next few years, Enfield continued to improve the weapon, ultimately producing the Rifle No. 1, Mk. VI in 1930. Retaining the Mk. Vs rear aperture sights and magazine cut-off, it introduced a new floating barrel. With tensions in Europe rising, the British began searching for a new rifle in the late 1930s. This resulted in the design of the Rifle No. 4 Mk. I. Though approved in 1939, large-scale production did not begin until 1941, forcing British troops to begin World War II with the No. 1 Mk. III. While British forces in Europe deployed with the No. 1 Mk. III, ANZAC and other Commonwealth troops retained their No. 1 Mk. III*s which remained popular due to their simple, easy to produce design. With the arrival of the No. 4 Mk. I, British forces obtained a version of the Lee-Enfield that possessed the updates of the No. 1 Mk. VIs, but was heavier than their old No. Mk. IIIs due to a longer barrel. During the war, the Lee-Enfields action was utilized in a variety of weapons such as jungle carbines (Rifle No. 5 Mk. I), commando carbines (De Lisle Commando), and an experimental automatic rifle (Charlton AR). Post-World War II: With end of hostilities, the British produced a final update of the venerable Lee-Enfield, the Rifle No. 4, Mk. 2. All existing stocks of No. Mk. Is were updated to the Mk. 2 standard. The weapon remained the primary rifle in the British inventory until the adoption of the L1A1 SLR in 1957. It is still used by some Commonwealth militaries today, though it is more commonly found in ceremonial, reserve force, and police roles. The Ishapore Rifle Factory in India began producing a derivative of the No. 1 Mk. III in 1962.

Research paper on hiv in the miss delta Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On hiv in the miss delta - Research Paper Example Consequentially, the federal government has been instrumental in dealing with this situation. It has invested massive resources in treatment and research in finding a lasting cure (Mancoske and Smith, 2004). However, the epidemic continues to spread at a staggering rate. In controlling the situation, the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) has been instrumental in focusing on the progress in fighting the pandemic. While focusing on the Mississippi delta, CDC conducted research on the prevalence of the epidemic in the area. It was found out that Mississippi is an area highly affected with HIV. To control the situation, most of the organizations that deal with HIV and AIDS have decided to focus their attention in this area. According to statistics conducted in Mississippi in 2011, there are more males that are affected than females. The statistics state that 69% of the population affected with HIV (Schneidewind, 2011). On the other hand, only 31% are females affected with HIV. This shows that the spread of HIV among males is more than half when compared to females. Attention in Mississippi has been drawn to assist in reduction of spread amongst males. This has been successful as many organizations have started educational centers to sensitize the population. This has been doing well as the spread of HIV has been recording a drop. In taking a closer look at the demographics, it is estimated that 72% of the people living with HIV are blacks who are not Hispanic. This is followed by 23% of whites who are not Hispanic. Hispanic and Asian people living with HIV are estimated at 2% each. The other percentage is spread across other races and ethnicities. In the recent research in 2011, it is believed that social factors are contributors in the spread of HIV (Schneidewind, 2011). Is it stated that the spread of HIV is rife in southern counties of Mississippi where people are living in mere squalor (Acton, 2012). According to recent statistics, it shows that counties that have the highest number of people affected with HIV are living in abject poverty. Statistics show that one in every five people live below the acceptable poverty line (Schneidewind, 2011). As such, a fifth of the population is earning far less income to sustain their lifestyle. Consequentially, there is a close connection between people living below the federal poverty line and the spread of HIV (Satcher, 2007). People that live below the federal poverty line are ten times more likely to have HIV than people that have a steady income and live above the poverty line. For instance, a household that earns less than $ 10, 000 in a year houses people that are more likely to have HIV as compared to families that earn over $ 50, 000 in a year. Similarly, the healthcare services in these regions are in deplorable state. The access to healthcare has been a hard task and people are likely to be affected by opportunistic diseases (Ciambrone, 2003). In controlling the situation, t he federal government has ensured there is supply of more resources to these areas. Improvement of healthcare services has been instrumental in reducing the prevalence of HIV. In addition to this, unemployment plays a big role in the spread of HIV. It is estimated that the unemployment rate in Mississippi is at 10%. This increases the number of people that are prone to infections. Awareness is one of the factors that contribute to reduction in the spread of

Sociopathic Personality Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sociopathic Personality Disorder - Essay Example The essay "Sociopathic Personality Disorder" talks about the Sociopathic Personality Disorder, a mental health condition that involves a disorder or disability of mind, which may or may not be accompanied by a noticeable impairment in the intelligence, which makes a patient act in a manner that either tends to be aggressive. Most of the sociopaths happen to be males and they persistently behave in a manner which is incompatible with their culture. Sociopaths depict a serious inability to learn from experience. Sociopaths are seriously incapable of delaying the need for immediate gratifications. They lack the capacity to retain relationships for a long time. They are highly unstable in the personal, professional and social aspects of their life, resulting in scenarios like unstable careers, tendency to frequently change residence, multiple sex partners, etc. The symptoms may also include substance abuse and criminal behavior. It has been found that roughly 5 percent of the patients su ffering from Sociopathic Personality Disorder commit suicide. Psychotherapy in groups comprising of other sociopaths has been found to be quite effective in the management of Sociopathic Personality Disorder. The whole objective of this psychotherapy is to help the patients take responsibility for their own actions and behavior. Individual psychotherapy has been found to be ineffective owing to a lack of compliance. Antipsychotics like Lithium are often sometimes resorted to, to control and manage aggression and mood swings in sociopaths.

Daoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Daoism - Essay Example e parts of the Yin-Yang symbol manifest diametrically opposite principles, which have permeated into every phenomena in people’s existence, that is, life and death, male and female, hot and cold, reflections and absence of thought, action and inaction. According to the principle of Yin and Yang all things are characterized by the presence of both male and female parts, being a manifestation of dark and light. Consequently, the basic concept of Daoism is a balanced approach to all phenomena of nature and their adjustment in the context of an inequilibrium. Another important composite part of Daoism philosophy can be found in the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching), which is attributed to Laozi, the founder of Daoism. As a matter of fact, it appears that the author is unknown, as Laozi is not his truly name and only a nickname in the meaning of a wise elder. The title of the scripture in its turn may be translated as the book of the path and virtue. According to the legend, in the decline of years Laozi has decided to leave China and went to the West. Passing through a frontier post, Laozi has been asked by its chief to leave a book in memory of him, which would reflect the wise old man’s thoughts about the path of peace and human’s way in it (Orbinski-Vonk, 2012). This is the very way of the Daodejing appearance. Its importance is great for Chinese history and culture, since it is a document of Ancient China’s thought. Moreover, it is considered to be one of the classical works of Daoism. The views set forth in it have made a massive impact on subsequent development of China’s philosophy. Daoism being a part of traditional cultural heritage serves as a complex component of spiritual culture of modern China. Reflecting the ethnic and cultural peculiarities, it becomes a powerful direct and indirect impact factor. Specifically, Daoist ideals find their expression through art acting as means of expression of thoughts and feelings of people seeking penetration into

Ethological Principles In The Study Of Animal Behaviour

Ethological Principles In The Study Of Animal Behaviour Today, the study of animal behaviour is as far reaching as it was for our hominin ancestors who must have had some sense of understanding of animal behaviour while navigating through ancestral African environments. The effects of behavioural research on contemporary civilizations contributes to many aspects of human social and medical research, as well as impacts topics in conservation, habitat/resource sustainability, food production, and population dynamics. Over the last half century, animal behaviour has taken on several different forms. The aim of this of this essay is to explore the scientific study of modern animal behaviour known as ethology: Look at the historic approach to animal behaviour; review the central concepts of ethology, expanding upon Tinbergens (1963) four questions of causation, ontogeny, function, and evolution; illustrate the benefits of using ethological methodology in the study of behavioural phenomenon and discuss the potential impact of ethology on future behavioural research. I examine these questions in the light of comparative research on human and nonhuman primates. Animal Behaviour: A Brief Introduction The study of animal behaviour spans across many disciplines, each field asking specific questions and offering different levels of explanation. Behaviour can be described in terms of underlying hormonal/physiological mechanisms, developmental mechanisms, adaptive function, and in terms of evolutionary pathways of behaviour (McFarland, 1993). Before the advent of ethology, most behavioural disciplines attempted to answers only one or two of these questions at a time. For example, investigating how and when behaviours evolved confront behavioural scientists with a daunting task. Evolutionary biologists are equipped to answer these types of questions by using a phylogenetic approach. Phylogenetic trees allow scientist to investigate correlated evolutionary change and reconstruct ancestral states, making it possible to identify evolutionary relationships between homologous behaviours in closely related species (Nunn and Barton, 2001). This comparative method is useful if you are interested in understanding when a specific behaviour emerged in a species evolutionary history. Often, this line of inquiry leads researchers to generate addition questions: What environmental changes would have selected for this type of behaviour? Is this behaviour adaptive? How would this behaviour increase fitness and persists over time? Comparing similar behaviours between closely related species, occupying a similar niche, and evolutionary histories, provide a solid fr amework to begin generating testable hypotheses to these aforementioned questions. In the early 20th century, psychology comprised its own unique set of methods and experimental techniques that usually consisted of running controlled experiments in a laboratory setting while investigating behaviour (Bateson and Klopfer, 1989). Psychologists were concerned with designing experiments that tested proximate causations of behaviours. For example, a psychologist might investigate the developmental factors that affect the acquisition of learning and imprinting (Martin and Bateson, 2007). Investigating causal relationships to behaviour provide insight into whether behaviour is innate or if it is learned in the context of an individuals environment. On the other hand, behavioural neuroscience aimed to understand causal physiological mechanisms and corresponding neural controls that are modulated by environmental stimuli (Carlson, 2006). This field is concerned with identifying how an animals physiology interacts and is influenced by environment factors, and how this interaction elicits a behavioural response. In the mid 20th century, the behavioural sciences operated independently of one another, as if each disciplines research was a mutually exclusive approach. At that time the competing schools of thought failed to recognize the significant relationships between causation, development, function, evolution, or how each of the corresponding fields actually were complementary to each level of explanation. The scientific study of animal behaviour was in dire need of a complete synthesis that would incorporate proximate and ultimate classes of behaviour into a complementary, integrative framework. The Birth of Ethology The modern study of ethology filled this gap, and sought to piece together the fragmented behavioural scientific approaches. This new field aimed to explain all four classes of behavioural determinants, providing a full account of the phenomenon under study (Bateson and Klopfer, 1982). In the remaining section, I will define ethological principles, highlight the pitfalls of focusing on either proximate or ultimate levels of explanation, and present the case of modern ethology as the more systematic approach to the study of animal behaviour. Understanding the reason why a particular animal behaves in a certain way requires the right type of questions to be asked. In 1963, Niko Tinbergen, one of the founders of ethology, published the paper, On Aims and Methods of Ethology. In this paper he introduced four distinct and broad questions that he used in trying to answer the question, Why does an animal behave like that? (Shettleworth, 1998). In doing so, he laid the foundation for the study modern ethology. Ethology is the study of animal behaviour which attempts to answer four classes of questions: causation, ontogeny, function, and evolution. If a researcher wanted to know why baboons groom one another, it would be important to consider the immediate external stimuli which invoke a specific behaviour response in the animal, or otherwise stated you would want to look at proximate causations of behaviour. Researchers would want to develop questions that reveal causal answers: What external environmental stimuli and internal stimuli cause the animal to respond in a particular way? Answers to these questions often rely on the underlying psychological, physiological, and neurological mechanisms regulating an animals behaviour (Martin and Bateson, 2007). A possible causal explanation to why baboons groom would be that grooming functions as a as a mechanism to reduce stress (Crockford and et al., 2008). Moreover, Tinbergen (1963) was interested in investigating how changes in behaviour machinery are affected during development and coined the term ontology to describe this process. What was it about an individuals development that leads them to behave in a particular manor? Answers to these type of questions require scientists to look at whether a behaviour is learned or refined through development processes such as imprinting or possibly if it is generated by a genetic predisposition. In addition to the importance of providing proximate (causal and ontological) levels of explanation, two classes of questions investigate ultimate factors are equally important to investigate. Ultimate questions are interested in understanding how evolution has selected for and produced specific behavioural phenomena. One such questions looks at the adaptive/survival value a given behaviour would confer on an individual. For example, why do primates participate in intergroup aggression? These type of questions are considered functional investigations. As an example, evolutionary based cost-benefit theories would look at the functional/adaptive significance to intergroup aggression. One possible hypothesis to the question of why individuals exhibit intergroup aggression is that the more aggressive primate groups will achieve increased access to reproductive females and increased access to resources (Manson and Wrangham, 1991). Natural selection imposes differential reproductive succes ses, understanding these functional relationships provide answers to adaptive questions. The last behavioural problem Tinbergen identified was that of evolutionary history. He explains, The fact that behaviour is in many respects species-specific, and yet often similar in related species,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[leads to] the natural conclusion, namely, that behaviour should be studied comparatively just as structures, with the ultimate aim of elucidating behaviour evolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Tinbergen, 1963: 427). Here Tinbergen advocates a phylogenetic approach to analyzing behaviour. Ethology aims to show how natural selection shaped the evolution of behaviour over time while uncovering possible evolutionary pathways (Tinbergen, 1963 and Barret, et al., 2002). For instance, if researchers were interested understanding why humans breathe the way they do, they would be interested in knowing how we evolved lungs? Farmer (1997) provides an evolutionary account to this question: Human lungs are believed to have evolved from ancestral fish gas bladders. This level of explanation provid es clues into when a behaviour may have first arisen and when it diverged between ancestral species. Ethology attempts to reconcile these four levels of explanation into a comprehensive framework for understanding. One such study illuminates the dangers researchers face when they incorporate only one level of explanation. Power (1975) conducted a study in which he tested whether mountain bluebirds lack altruistic behaviour. He attempted to show this by removing one mate of a pair caring for nestlings to test the claim; if altruism existed, a new mate would instinctually care for the nestlings. The study showed that new mates did not care for the nestlings, therefore the hypotheses, mountain bluebirds are altruistic, was rejected (Power, 1975). This study was criticized because it failed to account for the fact birds do not usually accept young unless hormonally prepared for them (Emlen, 1976). This process usually entails both mating partners being present during the events leading up to hatching and the presence of nestlings (Emlen, 1976). This physiological knowledge into hormonal cues in mountain bluebirds generated an alternative hypothesis; the new mate did not provide care to the nestlings because it lacked the proper hormonal activation. Therefore, it was concluded that the original hypotheses posed by Power was erroneous and failed to properly demonstrate if mountain bluebirds were altruistic. This example illustrates how tenuous behavioural studies can appear when they fail to incorporate ethological principles into their research design. Applied Ethological Principles Furthering Insight into Human Behaviour The more we learn from studying animal behaviour, the more we reveal about ourselves. Because humans are social primates, more ethological attention has focused on the study nonhuman primates as the best model to explain the social behaviour of humans. One such example into the potential benefits of ethological inquiry is articulated by the investigation into the effects of empathy, as one possible emotional mechanism that has evolved to help maintain and reinforce social bonds. Empathy is a complex emotion which has been proposed to exist in humans and nonhuman primates. Many ethologists have focused on chimpanzee and bonobo social systems, our closest extant ancestors, to better understand potential regulating factors involved in social bonding that could have helped promote and sustain the evolution of cooperation altruism. De Waal (2008) suggests humans as well as nonhuman primates both possess capacity to empathize with others, as a regulating mechanism of directed altruism. Directed altruism is defined as helping or comforting behaviour directed at an individual in need of pain, or distress (De Waal, 2008). Mounting evidence supports the view; similar cognitive capacities exist in human and nonhuman primates that could facilitate empathetic impulses and be linked to our similar evolutionary histories. Several studies have shown infants have an innate capacity to be influenced by the welfare of others. Infant nonhuman and human primates are known to respond to the distress of others with distress (Preston and de Waal, 2002). Furthermore, Preston and de Waal consider the hormonal release during suckling in maternal care as a positive promoter that rewards the giver with feel good hormones (ie. Oxtocin) to engage in directed altruism (Panksepp, 1998). This hormonal release could play a proximate role in promoting the perceiver to internalize the emotional state of another individual. Building on the neuroanatomy of empathy research, the central nervous system and the Perception Action Mechanism (PAM) have also been considered as a hard-wired link that controls emotional state matching and motor mimicry in humans and nonhuman primates (Preston and de Waal (2002). Chimpanzee studies reveal an increase in brain temperatures in the right hemisphere when chimpanzees are shown videos of severe aggression compared to neutral or positive videos (Parr and Hopkins, 2000). Negative videos directed a specific physiological reaction in the brain in response to the negative stimuli. These studies identify a potential link between the areas of the brain that are activated when individuals observe and witness emotional states of others (Preston and de Waal 2002). Meaning, the cognitive capacities for the emotional complex of empathy may not be strictly limited to humans, but may also function similarly with closely related nonhuman primates. The suggestion that nonhuman primate may also posses the capacity for empathy has not come without contention. Many scientists believe humans are the only species cognitively advanced enough to possess the innate capacity to internalize the emotions of others (eg., Schino, 2007). If Preston and de Waals claim is true, then empathetic hard-wiring has an ancient evolutionary lineage that evolved long before modern humans. Theoretically, innate empathetic capacities would help maintain and shape cooperation, reconciliation, and altruism between human and nonhuman primates. The origins of such a complex behaviour may have originated due to stronger selection on maintaining increased group size within ancestral primates. Therefore, it should be no surprises if we discover humans due in fact share the capacity to empathize with other social primates. This study promotes a possible link between the evolution of the complex sociality and empathetic emotional capacities in primates. Investigations like this exemplify the potential ethological methodologies pose when looking into proximate and ultimate roots to complex human and animal behaviour. Discussion An ethological approach to animal behaviour derived from early behavioural sciences. Today, modern ethnology places emphasis on different biological aspects to account for the contexts in which animal behaviour occurs using physiological and evolutionary perspectives. Most behavioural phenomena are not satisfactorily explained at the proximate or ultimate levels. Therefore, to understand the behavioural process fully, ethology appropriately focuses on answering Tinbergens four questions to correctly identify the reciprocal relationship between causal and evolutionary explanations of behaviour.

Lord of the flies essay -- essays research papers

Lord of the Flies Project   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Breakdowns in society result when people avoid their responsibilities to the community to pursue their own ends.† This seems entirely true. For example, in â€Å"Lord of the Flies† most of the kids decide going around hunting and not worrying about anything else is what is important, and eventually turn into savages. This could also be true if the people of a farming community started becoming lazy and stopped caring for their crops and animals. Or, in the military, if the all the leaders just stopped giving orders. Anyway you want to put it, if people don’t do what’s required of them, the world around them crumbles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In William Golding’s â€Å"Lord of the Flies† a group of boys get stranded on a desert island after their plane was shot down. Two of the boys, Ralph and Piggy know that to survive they must built shelters, collect food, and try to find a way to signal any planes or ships that might pass by. Unfortunately, the choir (hunters) and their leader, Jack, feel that they must be hunting more than anything. Because Jack gathered all the hunters at once for their first successful hunt, their signal fire goes out. As tensions rise high, Ralph and Piggy soon find themselves outnumbered by the hunters, and their followers, who joined due to promises of freedom, to play whenever they want. Because the hunters neglect their responsibilities of making shelter and whatnot, their â€Å"society† crumbles. Th...

Auditing Stages

The aim of this discussion is to explain how an auditor goes about the process of auditing financial statements and presents the five basic stages that the auditor performed during the financial statement audit at Maryward Primary School in Kwekwe for the year ending 31 December 2012. In order to be in a position to fulfil auditing responsibility to report on the client’s annual financial statements, the auditor followed a series of procedures and activities as required by the auditing profession.The auditor applied the following audit stages: pre-engagement activities, planning, test of controls, substantive procedures, completion and reporting. Puttick et al (2012:102) defines an audit according to Section 1 of APA as †¦the examination of, in accordance with prescribed or applicable auditing standards: a) financial statements with the objective of expressing an opinion as to their fairness or compliance with the identified financial reporting framework and any statutory requirements.Pre-engagement activities There are five pre-engagement activities and considerations. The auditor at this stage performed a new client investigation in order to accept the new appointment as a way of managing conflicts and threats to the auditor. Assessments of any threats to the independence of the auditor was done as an audit engagement should not be accepted where the auditor‘s independence is compromised.The other assessment done was the business risk faced in order to avoid the risk of association with a client whose integrity is questionable and particularly where motivation exists to misstate disclosures in financial information or indulge in illegal business and fraudulent reporting practices as it likely to render the auditor’s business risk unacceptable. The factors considered during the investigation included business reputation of Maryward Primary School. An assessment of the complication of the audit assignment and the estimated time, require d to finish the work was done.An engagement letter was prepared to provide the clearest record of the terms of the engagement. ISA 210 provides the contents of an engagement letter to be sent to the client to help prevent misunderstandings with respect to the engagement. Also, SAS 140 requires that an auditor should agree with the client the terms of the engagement to be undertaken and the terms should be written therefore the letter of engagement will be required whenever a new auditor appointment is accepted.The main constituent features of a typical letter of engagement are: responsibility of directors and auditors, the scope of the audit, other services, fees, Applicable law (Zimbabwe) and agreement of terms. The auditor accepted the engagement for the audit of the financial statements after the conclusion that the reporting framework was acceptable. There was an agreement between the auditor and Maryward Primary School, both parties agreed to meet when changes arise and when th e auditor considers the appropriateness of the matter to do so.In preparation for the audit, the auditor had a tour to Maryward Primary School after the opening meeting with the client. Russell (2012:69) states that â€Å"a tour of the area to be audited is permissible and often times highly desirable. An auditor may tour this area as part of a pre-audit visit to review documents before or after the opening meeting. † Travel plans were made and a team of three people was identified and sent to the audit area. PlanningAccording to Puttick et al (2012) the auditor first considers materiality at the planning stage of the audit. The auditor made a judgement of materiality in order to plan the audit in such a way that sufficient evidence is gathered to draw up a conclusion. Planning materiality was based on the end of year financial statements and budgets. According to Millichamp (2002) materiality is material if its omission/misstatement could influence the economic decisions tak en on the basis of the financial statements.The auditor also considered inherent risk as it has a direct impact on the nature, timing and extent of procedures the auditor plans to perform to gather sufficient appropriate audit evidence in response to the assessed risk of material misstatement. â€Å"Inherent risk† as per ISA 400 is â€Å" the susceptibility of an account balance or class of transactions to misstatements that could be material, individually or when aggregated with misstatements in other balances or classes, assuming that there are no related internal controls†.The auditor assessed audit risk and inherent risk as it is an essential part of audit planning to help in determining the quality and quantity of evidence gathered and the staff that needed to be assigned to the particular audit. The auditor also obtained an understanding of the business and its environment in order to assess the risk of material misstatement. ISA 310 requires a reasonable underst anding of the client’s business and industry. The nature of the client’s business and industry affects the client business risk and the risk of material misstatements in the financial statements.The auditor used the knowledge of these risks to determine the appropriate amount of audit evidence gathered. The auditor through experience is aware of the exposure to problems resulting from the auditor’s failure to understand comprehensively the nature of transactions in the client’s business. The understanding helped the auditor to evaluate the design and implementation of specific controls that could stop or discover and rectify material misstatements at the assertions level. Control risk is the probability that the client’s internal control system will fail to notice material misstatements.Audit risk is the risk that the auditor will unknowingly express inappropriate opinion on the financial statements. Inherent and control risk are the businessâ€⠄¢s risks that exist independently of the audit of financial statements, whereas detection risk is a function of the effectiveness of an audit procedure and its application by the auditor. Puttick et al (2012) quotes the ISA 200 definition of detection risk: â€Å"detection risk is the risk that the auditor will not detect a misstatement that exists in an assertion that could be material, individually or when aggregated with misstatements†.The auditor inquired into the detailed working papers, inspected legal documents and minutes of meetings of the accounting system and its related controls from the management and personnel of the client. A description of the system was recorded and confirmed that the record is an accurate description of the system and a preliminary evaluation of the internal controls was made. Audit planning involves developing an overall strategy for performing the audit.ISA 300 â€Å"audit strategy† describes in simple terms how audit is to be carr ied out and the â€Å"audit plan† details the exact procedures to be carried out to implement the strategy and complete the audit. During planning the auditor established an understanding with the client as to the nature of services to be provided and the responsibilities of each party through the engagement letter. The auditor developed an overall audit strategy, an audit plan and audit program and documented in the working papers each significant business cycle that is, revenue, expenditure, fixed assets, payroll and accounting.Planning continued throughout the entire audit as the auditor accumulated sufficient appropriate audit evidence to support the audit opinion. Performing tests of control and Substantive procedures One of the most important of all the audit stages is the process of testing the internal controls. The aim of tests controls is to obtain evidence that controls on which audit reliance is intended, worked out throughout the period of the financial year unde r audit. The tests of controls indicated that internal controls are operating effectively; the planned audit approach was not to be changed.These processes and procedures were used to ensure that proper approvals are in place before payment is made or transactions entered in the system. The auditor used the primary method of internal control testing to randomly select transactions and checked the source documentation. The random selection from a representative sample revealed that controls are strong, so there was no point for increasing the sample size. A substantive procedure is the actual process of collecting physical evidence of transactions and verifying the value posted to a specific account is supported by actual documents.This aspect of the audit is the most time consuming and is very detailed work. Gray (2008) propounds that at this stage conclusion made by the auditor must be supported by in each case by carefully evaluated evidence that the transactions are completely an d accurately recorded. As auditors cannot rely completely on management assertion of completeness, the search for unrecorded expenses and liabilities was designed to yield audit evidence of liabilities that were not recorded in the reporting period. A material error or fraud in the inventory has a pervasive effect on the financial statement.Auditing standards requires that the auditor should observe the inventory taking and make test control. Physical inventory at year end was counted when the auditor was present to observe and perform the dual direction testing to gather evidence for the existence and completeness assertions. This involved the performance of substantive procedures the nature, timing and extent of which responded appropriately to the assessed risk of misstatement at the assertions level to achieve a level of detection risk that will result in an acceptable level of audit risk relating to assertions within financial statements.Evaluating and concluding The final stag e of auditing process involves evaluating and drawing conclusions on the fair presentation of the financial information and the drafting of the audit report. During this stage the auditor considers the sufficiency of the evidence gathered in support of financial statement assertions. Assertions are the representations of management that are represented in financial statements, for, example, that fixed assets reflected in financial statements exist and are owned by the entity and are fairly valued.ISA 500R: identifies assertions under three categories namely: assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit, assertions about account balances at the period end and assertions about presentation and disclosure. The auditor decided on the fair presentation of assertions and evaluated the differences between amounts included in the financial information and amounts supported by audit evidence.The audit differences represent uncorrected material misstatements in the financial statements. The auditor evaluated the effect of uncorrected material misstatements on the audit and the effect of uncorrected misstatements on the financial statements and tested whether the financial statements as a whole are free of material misstatement. The auditor evaluated the effect of such misstatements on audit opinion. For this purpose, the auditor established a final estimate of materiality.After consideration of all evidence, the auditor concluded that financial statements were not significantly materially misstated and management was not requested to make appropriate adjustments. The completion stage of the audit is the final stage during which the engagement team and partner responsible for the audit perform finishing procedures, evaluate the sufficiency and appropriateness of audit evidence gathered during the audit and findings in respect of significant risks identified, including fraud risk, in order to form the audit opinion on financial statements .During completion procedures, the auditor reviewed the financial statements on an overall basis performing a final analytical review on period end financial information. The reading of supplementary and other relevant information and resolution of the impact of any significant matters arising were considered. Update inquiries on specific aspects for example, fraud, laws, regulations and evaluation of the results of audit procedures for all significant findings. Written representations from management acknowledging its esponsibility for the design and implementation of internal controls to prevent and detect error were obtained. Reporting The last stage of the audit is finalization. This is the creation of a report to management that summarizes all the procedures used to conduct the audit, the result of the various processes, and supporting documentation. Gray (2008) states that â€Å"at this stage the auditor summarizes evidence on systems and other aspects seen to be of interest to management and sends a formal report of comments and recommendations†.After completion of fieldwork and analysis the auditor presented the first draft of findings and recommendations to the client during the exit meeting. Paragraphs 27, 32, and 35b of ISA 700 indicate that the description in the auditor’s report can refer either to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements or the preparation of financial statements that give a true and fair view.True in the sense that the auditor’s information given was factual and conforms to reality and not false, in addition the information conforms to the required standards and law and that the accounts of Maryward Primary School had been correctly extracted from the books and records. Fair in the sense that information given is free from discrimination and bias and in compliance with the expected standards and rules and that the accounts of the client reflect the substance of the business’s underlying transactions.